Whole exome sequencing

Designed to detect single nucleotide variants, small insertions or deletions, deletion-insertions (delins), and copy number variants, our WES test provides personalized answers that profoundly impact a patient’s medical journey.

Variant identification not only enables insight into which gene(s) might be causing the disorder but can offer important information for family members about their risk of inheriting the same condition. Results also enable medical management and treatment targeted toward a specific diagnosis. Moreover, answers can put to rest a patient’s search for a cause, ending the diagnostic odyssey.

Key testing

• WESDX | Whole Exome Sequencing for Hereditary Disorders, Varies
  • Covers 99% of bases at a read depth of over 30X.
  • Sensitivity is estimated at above 99% for single nucleotide variants, above 94% for deletion-insertions less than 40 base pairs (bp), and above 95% for deletions up to 75 bp and insertions up to 47 bp.
  • Detects multi-exon deletions/duplications. In some instances, single exon resolution can be achieved; however, the reliability of detection is variable due to isolated reduction in sequence coverage or inherent genomic complexity.
  • Aligns with ACMG’s evidence-based, 2021 clinical guidelines.
  • Provides a comprehensive, cost-effective testing alternative to establish molecular diagnosis in individuals who might otherwise require multiple tests.
  • Allows identification of genetic origin of conditions with more than one underlying cause.
  • Useful for identifying rare disorders and newly described conditions.
  • Optional reporting of medically actionable variants unrelated to the testing indication, including ACMG-approved secondary findings associated with hereditary cancer syndromes, cardiac syndromes, malignant hyperthermia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and others.
  • Allows for novel gene associations to be made.
  • Data generated from WES can be reanalyzed to detect gene disease associations unknown at the time of original evaluation.
• WESR | Whole Exome Sequencing Reanalysis, Varies
  • Reanalysis of previously generated exome sequencing data.
• WESMT | Whole Exome and Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing, Varies

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Comparator testing

Mayo Clinic Laboratories’ approach to whole exome sequencing includes gathering samples from biological parents of affected individuals, when possible, to help compare and contextualize test results. These comparator specimens assist with result interpretation and increase the diagnostic yield of the testing. Each WES order is carefully reviewed by a team of genetic counselors who ensure the indication for test ordering is clinically appropriate. A diagnosis is identified in trio-based whole exome sequencing in approximately 25% to 37% of cases.^4-6

Key testing

• CMPRE | Family Member Comparator Specimen for Exome Sequencing, Varies
  • Improves diagnostic yield by sending one or more family members.
  • Enables the analysis of duos, trios, nontraditional trios, or quads.

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Familial variant testing

Familial testing can help assess segregation of variants previously identified in a family member.

Key testing

• FMTT | Familial Mutation, Targeted Testing, Varies

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References

1. Rare Genetic Diseases (genome.gov)
2. Exome and genome sequencing for pediatric patients with congenital anomalies or intellectual disability: an evidence-based clinical guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)
3. Vissers LELM, van Nimwegen KJM, Schieving JH, et al. A clinical utility study of exome sequencing versus conventional genetic testing in pediatric neurology. Genet Med. 2017;19(9):1055-1063
4. Clark MM, Stark Z, Farnaes L, et al. Meta-analysis of the diagnostic and clinical utility of genome and exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray in children with suspected genetic diseases. NPJ Genom Med. 2018;3:16. Published 2018 Jul 9
5. Srivastava S, Love-Nichols JA, Dies KA, et al. Correction: Meta-analysis and multidisciplinary consensus statement: exome sequencing is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Genet Med. 2020;22(10):1731-1732
6. Kuperberg M, Lev D, Blumkin L, et al. Utility of whole exome sequencing for genetic diagnosis of previously undiagnosed pediatric neurology patients. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(14):1534-1539
7. Yang Y, Muzny DM, Xia F, et al: Molecular findings among patients referred for clinical whole-exome sequencing. JAMA. 2014 Nov;312(18):1870-1879. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.14601
8. Lee H, Deignan JL, Dorrani N, et al: Clinical exome sequencing for genetic identification of rare Mendelian disorders. JAMA. 2014 Nov;312(18):1880-1887. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.14604
9. Farwell KD, Shahmirzadi L, El-Khechen D, et al: Enhanced utility of family-centered diagnostic exome sequencing with inheritance model-based analysis: results from 500 unselected families with undiagnosed genetic conditions. Genet Med. 2015 Jul;17(7):578-586. doi:10.1038/gim.2014.154